Luke Milliron, UCCE Farm Advisor, Butte, Glenn and Tehama Counties
Roger Duncan, UCCE Farm Advisor Emeritus, Stanislaus County

Photo: A 13th leaf Nonpareil on Krymsk 86 infected by Armillaria mellea (oak root fungus, ORF). The photo was taken by Roger Duncan in 2020 and the tree is still alive as of 2025 (18th leaf).

If you have an orchard plagued generation after generation by oak root fungus (ORF, Armillaria mellea), disease resistance should be at or near the top of your list of rootstock attributes (PDF / comparison tool). Rootstock is the key management tool in a very limited toolbox against this disease (UC IPM / podcast). Rootstocks with plum parentage are the most likely to have some level of ORF resistance. However, the plum in these same rootstocks can lead to incompatibility and in some cases less than desired vigor. Marianna 2624 was California’s historic answer to orchards with a history of ORF.  However, Marianna 2624 is incompatible with some important standard almond varieties including most critically Nonpareil and Butte. In addition to incompatibility, the rootstock suckers profusely, requiring costly maintenance. Finally, Marianna 2624 confers relatively low vigor on the almond scion, and therefore less yield potential compared to various other plum, peach, and almond hybrid rootstocks used in California almond production. Given these flaws, growers have largely abandoned planting new orchards to this historic standard, and many nurseries no longer provide the rootstock.   

In lieu of Marianna 2624 on ORF ground, growers have largely shifted to planting with Krymsk 86 (plum x peach) rootstock. This newer rootstock confers superior anchorage, and vigor compared to Marianna 2624. Although Krymsk 86 is not immune to ORF (see photo), and field data on its level of resistance is still limited. However, grower and UC Farm Advisor observations, as well as USDA lab data all indicate that it offers higher survival rates against ORF compared to the historic Sacramento Valley standard Lovell peach rootstock.  

Unfortunately, no rootstock is perfect, and Krymsk 86 is no exception. Krymsk 86 is one of the most sensitive rootstocks to nematodes (especially root knot), and salts (Cl, Na, B, etc.). In addition, much like Marianna 2624, K86 doesn’t get along with every almond (scion) variety. There’s the yellowing Krymsk 86 malady which has appeared periodically in young Monterey trees, often induced by excessive spring rain. More recently, orchards planted with new self-fertile almond varieties Independence and Shasta have shown ‘failure to thrive’ with Krymsk 86. There is also some early evidence of Krymsk 86 incompatibility symptoms with new self-fertile varieties Lassen and Pyrenees. However, there are other self-fertile varieties that to-date appear to be compatible with Krymsk 86, including Yorizane, Parpareil (new USDA release), and Early Bird.  

Which other rootstocks may hold promise? Rootpac R (plum x almond) is purported to have some ORF resistance. However, the relatively low vigor can be a concern, especially if paired with a low vigor scion like Independence. Rootpac R can also have the same issue as “yellowing Krymsk 86” with young Monterey.  

Magnus, previously known has Hybrid 17 (peach x plum) is a new Sierra Gold rootstock that is purportedly higher vigor than Krymsk 86. A Butte County grower is early in testing the rootstock in their ORF hot spots, and it is also being tested by Roger Duncan in Stanislaus County. It is too early to know if this rootstock will have some resistance against ORF.  

What doesn’t work? Following the problems with Independence and Shasta on Krymsk 86, some Sacramento Valley growers have instead planted those same varieties on Viking (interspecific hybrid of peach, almond, apricot, and plum; only 1/8th plum). Very early results from Roger Duncan’s trial indicate that Viking may be highly susceptible to ORF. Peach (Lovell, Nemaguard), and peach/almond hybrids (Hansen 536, Bright’s Hybrid 5, SG1, etc.) are not ORF resistant.  

Bottom line: If you are concerned about ORF, and not willing to deal with Marianna 2624, Krymsk 86 is the alternative we have the most evidence in favor of. The selection of Krymsk 86 then adds the complication of potentially eliminating certain self-fertile varieties from being planted on that ground because of rootstock incompatibility concerns. We will continue to vet Krymsk 86, along with Rootpac R, Magnus, and newer alternatives both for resistance to ORF, as well as for compatibility with an ever-growing list of new self-fertile varieties.